The Cape Cod resort area, famous for sandy beaches and centuries-old fishing villages, could in the next few years claim a new title of home to the United States' first offshore wind farm.
The US experienced a surge in investment in wind power over the past four years, more than tripling its ability to turn wind into electricity. But construction has been entirely on land and largely in America's rural midsection – leaving open the costly challenge of how to transmit power to the densely populated coasts where it is most needed.
That could be changing. Developers have proposed wind farms off Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Delaware and New Jersey to meet the electricity needs of the East Coast. "They are building these wind farms in the Midwest fast, which is great. The problem is there are no people," said Rhode Island Governor Donald Carcieri.
"Where is the energy needed? The energy is needed here on the East Coast."
The Cape Wind project in 2001 became the country's first major proposed offshore wind farm. Its developers aim to construct 130 towers, which will tower 440 feet (134 metres) above the surface of the Nantucket Sound.
To supporters, Cape Wind represents Massachusetts' chance to be a leader in clean energy. It would generate 420 megawatts of power, enough for 336,000 typical American homes. Opponents, including Democratic Senator Edward Kennedy, who has a home on the Cape, say the towers, eight km from shore, would be a risk to navigation and hurt tourism.
Cape Wind's developers need one last major regulatory approval, from the US Department of the Interior. Should they get it, they expect to have the project up and running in two years, which will require finding more than $1 billion (Dh3.67bn).
Jim Gordon, Chief Executive of Cape Wind, said he believes investors will come through. "There is no doubt that since last summer we have kind of fallen into a significant capital financing crunch," he said. "I am confident that the Cape Wind project is going to be financed."
The Obama administration sees investment in alternative energy sources such as wind and solar, which do not emit carbon dioxide that aggravates global warming, as a cornerstone of its economic and energy policies.
Momentum is on wind's side. Last year developers invested more than $17 billion in new US wind farms, according to the American Wind Energy Association. Wind now represents more than one per cent of the US electricity supply.
Companies, including US conglomerate General Electric Co, Germany's Siemens AG and Denmark's Vestas, have seen demand for turbines soar. But onshore wind must deal with the cost and complexity of building transmission lines from Texas, Minnesota and other leading wind producing states to demand centres.
Texas oil billionaire Boone Pickens blamed the difficulty of building transmission lines and bleak credit markets for his decision this month to postpone plans for what would have been the largest US wind farm.
"It really was not surprising that it was discovered to be a Herculean task to permit and capitalise this type of transmission infrastructure," said Paul Rich, Chief Development Officer of Deepwater Wind, which is working on $1.5 billion of projects off Rhode Island.
Deepwater, backed by hedge fund DE Shaw and wind developer First Wind, plans its turbines 24.14 km offshore, which would make them practically invisible from the coast.
Still, even offshore farms need transmission lines to bring the power ashore, which can anger local communities.
"Coastal real estate is expensive," said Kevin Book, energy analyst at ClearView Energy Partners, of Washington. "It is going to be very tough to get stakeholders on board when you are crossing coastal real estate with something unsightly."
Other developers are planning wind farms in the Gulf of Mexico off Texas and in the inland Great Lakes. The Cape Wind project has been the subject intense local controversy. Residents said they like the idea of playing a leading role in renewable energy, but some worry the 62 square km project will hurt tourism. Renewable energy is great, but because it is such a huge footprint, the site becomes critical and Nantucket Sound is absolutely the worst location," said Audra Parker, Executive Director of the Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound, a group of local businessmen and residents who oppose the project.
Some backers of the project's critics are wealthy property owners trying to protect their ocean views. Parker said that was not the case.
"People have this sense that it is a very wealthy community. In fact, it is not at all," she said. "There are a lot of two-income families here on the Cape, on the islands, people earning their income through fishing, through other means."
Even some locals whose incomes are tied to the tourist trade argue that they would prefer an offshore wind farm to a conventional fossil fuel-burning power plant.
"I would not necessarily say it is the best place for it but we definitely need to start looking at alternative energy sources," said Peter Baldwin, 22, who works as a waiter in Hyannis.
"I do not see how a wind farm is going to change the way we look at the Cape necessarily. I think it is better than looking at a power plant."
Cape Wind to generate 400 Megawatts
Cape Wind's 130 planned turbines would generate 420 megawatts of power, enough to meet 75 per cent of the demand on Cape Cod and the islands of Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard.
The United States currently has 28,206 megawatts of installed wind turbines, which represents about one per cent of the nation's electricity supply. All the utility-scale developments have been built on land, with the most capacity in Texas, Iowa, California, Minnesota and Washington.
In the United States, wind power now produces enough electricity to prevent the emission of more than 29 million tons of carbon dioxide. It would take 44,000 sq km of forest – an area larger than Massachusetts and Connecticut – to absorb that much of the greenhouse gas.
The US offshore industry has focused on the East Coast rather than the West since the Pacific Ocean gets deeper more quickly, making construction a greater challenge. In Europe, where offshore wind farms have been in operation since the 1970s, most are located in 80 feet of water or less.
US states are also hoping new investment in offshore wind will bring jobs. Rhode Island in particular – with one of the highest unemployment rates in the nation – is counting on a staging area in Quonset Point that Deepwater plans to use for building its projects to employ about 800 people.
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