Birth tourism to alien enemies: What to know about Trump's new bid to limit US birthright citizenship

The Trump administration is once again trying to limit who can become an American, with a pair of executive orders issued this week that attempt to place restrictions on birthright citizenship and on foreigners who give birth in the U.S. A Supreme Court decision in June struck down a previous attempt at restricting birthright citizenship, but Thursday’s orders were made with "adjustments” keeping the decision in mind, President Donald Trump said. Still, some of the restrictions announced by the White House are expected to face legal challenges. The 14th Amendment, which makes a citizen of anyone born in the country, and two subsequent Supreme Court decisions interpreting it provide guidelines that already exclude certain births from receiving the citizenship benefit. Trump's new attempt to restrict birthright citizenship even after the Supreme Court loss highlights the administration's drive to limit who can become an American. Birthright citizenship is guaranteed under current law for anyone who is born on U.S. soil, with a few exceptions. Diplomatic ties to alien enemies The executive order released Thursday was narrower in scope than the previous one shot down by the Supreme Court and appeared to focus on restricting automatic citizenship to specific categories of people, including children born to adults with connections to foreign embassies or organizations as well as anyone considered an "alien enemy” of the United States. U.S. immigration law says babies born to a "foreign diplomatic officer accredited to the United States” are not entitled to birthright citizenship under the Constitution, including ambassadors, ministers, chargés d’affaires, counselors, secretaries and attachés of embassies and legations, and members of the Delegation of the Commission of the European Communities. Trump’s orders Thursday would sharply expand those exemptions. One order disqualifies babies who are products of "birth tourism.” The other applies to children of anyone working in a foreign embassy or representing a foreign government and employees of the United Nations or other international organizations. Children of parents tied to groups that are deemed terrorist organizations, like Antifa or Tren de Aragua, are also excluded. "How is the federal government going to decide that a child is born to a member of a designated terrorist organization?” said César Cuauhtémoc García Hernández, a law professor at Ohio State University. "These are not organizations that are sharing the membership lists if they even have them.” Addressing surrogacy Citizenship through surrogacy has become a concern for Republican members of Congress, some of whom proposed a bill this year that would restrict citizenship for children of noncitizen parents born to surrogates in the U.S. García Hernández said he believes the new executive order addressing surrogacy could raise new legal questions. "Neither the 14th Amendment nor any of the Supreme Court’s decisions about how to interpret the 14th Amendment mentions or hints at surrogates,” the law professor said. Trump’s executive order defines birth tourism as someone who enters the United States on a "nonimmigrant visa for the purpose of giving birth on American soil.” Birth tourism is already considered fraud and grounds to restrict a visa if someone seeks one specifically to come to the U.S. and obtain citizenship for a child. Advocates said the executive order would give immigration officers discretion to deny entry to pregnant women suspected of wanting to give birth in the U.S. without providing clearly defined guidelines. Scope of ‘birth tourism’ The president did not offer data indicating the scope of the problem, but said Thursday: "I’ll tell you right now, hundreds of thousands, OK? Hundreds of thousands." Although there's no official estimate of how many births can be considered "birth tourism” cases, experts say Trump’s approximation is exaggerated. "The hundreds of thousands just seems like an overestimate based on the sort of limited data that we have available,” said Colleen Putzel-Kavanaugh, an associate policy analyst at the Migration Policy Institute. Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows that in 2024 nearly 9,600 children were born to foreign mothers with an official address outside the country. Another estimate from the Center for Immigration Studies, a think tank that advocates for lower immigration, estimated that 20,000 to 26,000 birth tourists come to the U.S. each year. The order provides a sweeping indictment of "birth tourism operators” with no evidence of how widespread they are or how or why anyone accused of using their services would be exempt from constitutional protection. Those efforts are not new either. Previous administrations have also sought to prosecute so-called "birth tourism” schemes that helped women hide their pregnancies while traveling to the United States to give birth. "Birth tourism operators use deceptive advertisements an